xorg-x11-server-Xfvb is not in the standard RHEL 6 repositories. If you wish to install it you will need to enable the repository. Perform the following:-
# subscription-manager repos --enable rhel-6-server-optional-rpms
Repo rhel-6-server-optional-rpms is enabled for this system.
# yum search xvfb
Loaded plugins: product-id, security, subscription-manager
This system is receiving updates from Red Hat Subscription Management.
rhel-6-server-cf-tools-1-rpms | 2.8 kB 00:00
rhel-6-server-optional-rpms | 3.5 kB 00:00
rhel-6-server-optional-rpms/primary_db | 2.7 MB 00:00
rhel-6-server-rpms | 3.7 kB 00:00
rhel-6-server-rpms/primary_db | 25 MB 00:03
==================================== N/S Matched: xvfb ====================================
xorg-x11-server-Xvfb.x86_64 : A X Windows System virtual framebuffer X server.
Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
# yum install xorg-x11-server-Xvfb
Loaded plugins: product-id, security, subscription-manager
This system is receiving updates from Red Hat Subscription Management.
rhel-6-server-cf-tools-1-rpms | 2.8 kB 00:00
rhel-6-server-optional-rpms | 3.5 kB 00:00
rhel-6-server-rpms | 3.7 kB 00:00
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package xorg-x11-server-Xvfb.x86_64 0:1.13.0-23.1.el6_5 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
===========================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
===========================================================================================
Installing:
xorg-x11-server-Xvfb x86_64 1.13.0-23.1.el6_5 rhel-6-server-optional-rpms 775 k
Transaction Summary
===========================================================================================
Install 1 Package(s)
Total download size: 775 k
Installed size: 1.9 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
xorg-x11-server-Xvfb-1.13.0-23.1.el6_5.x86_64.rpm | 775 kB 00:00
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : xorg-x11-server-Xvfb-1.13.0-23.1.el6_5.x86_64 1/1
rhel-6-server-rpms/productid | 1.7 kB 00:00
Verifying : xorg-x11-server-Xvfb-1.13.0-23.1.el6_5.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
xorg-x11-server-Xvfb.x86_64 0:1.13.0-23.1.el6_5
Complete!
Thursday, March 20, 2014
Monday, February 17, 2014
SSH tunnel using putty
In order to create an SSH tunnel from your Windows box to a remote Linux box do the following:-
Start up Putty and navigate to Connection --> SSH --> Tunnels and add in required port numbers (this example is for connecting to port 5901 on a remote server). Don't forget to click the Add button:-
Then return to the Sessions and enter the Host Name (or IP address) of the target server. Once you log on Putty will create a tunnel for you.
Don't forget you can save the above in Putty if you need to re-use it.
Start up Putty and navigate to Connection --> SSH --> Tunnels and add in required port numbers (this example is for connecting to port 5901 on a remote server). Don't forget to click the Add button:-
Then return to the Sessions and enter the Host Name (or IP address) of the target server. Once you log on Putty will create a tunnel for you.
Don't forget you can save the above in Putty if you need to re-use it.
Friday, February 14, 2014
Convert line endings from dos to unix in vim
To convert line endings from dos to unix in vim open your file, then:-
:update
:e ++ff=dos
:setlocal ff=unix
:wq
:update
:e ++ff=dos
:setlocal ff=unix
:wq
Thursday, February 13, 2014
RPM commands
Query a package via rpm:
[root@sbt-centos tmp]# rpm -q openssh-server
openssh-server-5.3p1-84.1.el6.x86_64
Get information on a package
[root@sbt-centos tmp]# rpm -qi openssh-server
Name : openssh-server Relocations: (not relocatable)
Version : 5.3p1 Vendor: CentOS
Release : 84.1.el6 Build Date: Fri 22 Feb 2013 03:51:49 AM GMT
Install Date: Sat 12 Oct 2013 04:25:50 PM BST Build Host: c6b9.bsys.dev.centos.org
Group : System Environment/Daemons Source RPM: openssh-5.3p1-84.1.el6.src.rpm
Size : 667631 License: BSD
Signature : RSA/SHA1, Sat 23 Feb 2013 05:40:05 PM GMT, Key ID 0946fca2c105b9de
Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
URL : http://www.openssh.com/portable.html
Summary : An open source SSH server daemon
Description :
OpenSSH is a free version of SSH (Secure SHell), a program for logging
into and executing commands on a remote machine. This package contains
the secure shell daemon (sshd). The sshd daemon allows SSH clients to
securely connect to your SSH server.
List files installed by a package
[root@sbt-centos tmp]# rpm -ql openssh-server
/etc/pam.d/ssh-keycat
/etc/pam.d/sshd
/etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/sysconfig/sshd
/usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server
/usr/libexec/openssh/ssh-keycat
/usr/sbin/.sshd.hmac
/usr/sbin/sshd
/usr/share/doc/openssh-server-5.3p1
/usr/share/doc/openssh-server-5.3p1/HOWTO.ssh-keycat
/usr/share/man/man5/moduli.5.gz
/usr/share/man/man5/sshd_config.5.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/sftp-server.8.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/sshd.8.gz
/var/empty/sshd
List configuration files for a package
[root@sbt-centos tmp]# rpm -qc openssh-server
/etc/pam.d/ssh-keycat
/etc/pam.d/sshd
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/sysconfig/sshd
List documentation for a package
[root@sbt-centos tmp]# rpm -qd openssh-server
/usr/share/doc/openssh-server-5.3p1/HOWTO.ssh-keycat
/usr/share/man/man5/moduli.5.gz
/usr/share/man/man5/sshd_config.5.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/sftp-server.8.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/sshd.8.gz
Show the change log for a package
[root@sbt-centos tmp]# rpm -q --changelog openssh-server
* Thu Dec 13 2012 Petr Lautrbach <plautrba@redhat.com> 5.3p1-84.1
- Add a 'netcat mode' (ssh -W) (#860809)
* Mon Nov 12 2012 Petr Lautrbach <plautrba@redhat.com> 5.3p1-83
- fix the required authentications patch (#869903)
* Fri Oct 12 2012 Petr Lautrbach <plautrba@redhat.com> 5.3p1-82
- check return value of PK11_Authenticate in ssh-add -n (#782912)
- document available methods to RequiredAuthentications[12] (#821641)
- fix ssh-copy-id (#836650)
</snip>
List the installed packages in date order:-
[root@sbt-centos tmp]# rpm --last -qa | more
tigervnc-server-1.1.0-8.el6_5.x86_64 Wed 05 Feb 2014 04:26:45 PM GMT
tomcat6-6.0.24-62.el6.noarch Thu 30 Jan 2014 11:50:04 AM GMT
tomcat6-lib-6.0.24-62.el6.noarch Thu 30 Jan 2014 11:50:03 AM GMT
tomcat6-el-2.1-api-6.0.24-62.el6.noarch Thu 30 Jan 2014 11:50:03 AM GMT
Wednesday, February 5, 2014
Reduce LV and File System
At some point you may need to free up some LV space, but you will also need to reduce the underlying filesystem too. Here's what to do...
Check the current space usage and see if any can be used:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_root
50G 3.9G 43G 9% /
tmpfs 940M 372K 939M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 485M 91M 369M 20% /boot
/dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_home
45G 3.6G 40G 9% /home
/dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_data
985M 18M 918M 2% /data
Check the LV:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
lv_data vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 1000.00m
lv_home vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 45.57g
lv_root vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 50.00g
lv_swap vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 3.94g
It looks like /data has some free, lets reduce that. Unmount it first:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# umount /data/
Do an lvreduce, but don't forget the -r, this will resize the underlying filesystem at the same time:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# lvreduce -L -512M /dev/vg_sbtcentos/lv_data -r
fsck from util-linux-ng 2.17.2
/dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_data: 11/64000 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 8438/256000 blocks
resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_data to 124928 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_data is now 124928 blocks long.
Reducing logical volume lv_data to 488.00 MiB
Logical volume lv_data successfully resized
Remount the filesystem:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# mount /dev/vg_sbtcentos/lv_data /data/
And check space usage:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_root
50G 3.9G 43G 9% /
tmpfs 940M 372K 939M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 485M 91M 369M 20% /boot
/dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_home
45G 3.6G 40G 9% /home
/dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_data
481M 17M 439M 4% /data
[root@sbt-centos ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
lv_data vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 488.00m
lv_home vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 45.57g
lv_root vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 50.00g
lv_swap vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 3.94g
Check the current space usage and see if any can be used:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_root
50G 3.9G 43G 9% /
tmpfs 940M 372K 939M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 485M 91M 369M 20% /boot
/dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_home
45G 3.6G 40G 9% /home
/dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_data
985M 18M 918M 2% /data
Check the LV:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
lv_data vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 1000.00m
lv_home vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 45.57g
lv_root vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 50.00g
lv_swap vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 3.94g
It looks like /data has some free, lets reduce that. Unmount it first:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# umount /data/
Do an lvreduce, but don't forget the -r, this will resize the underlying filesystem at the same time:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# lvreduce -L -512M /dev/vg_sbtcentos/lv_data -r
fsck from util-linux-ng 2.17.2
/dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_data: 11/64000 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 8438/256000 blocks
resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_data to 124928 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_data is now 124928 blocks long.
Reducing logical volume lv_data to 488.00 MiB
Logical volume lv_data successfully resized
Remount the filesystem:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# mount /dev/vg_sbtcentos/lv_data /data/
And check space usage:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_root
50G 3.9G 43G 9% /
tmpfs 940M 372K 939M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 485M 91M 369M 20% /boot
/dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_home
45G 3.6G 40G 9% /home
/dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_data
481M 17M 439M 4% /data
[root@sbt-centos ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
lv_data vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 488.00m
lv_home vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 45.57g
lv_root vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 50.00g
lv_swap vg_sbtcentos -wi-ao--- 3.94g
Resize LV Swap space
Check out current size of volume group - is there enough space to extend the swap?
[root@sbt-centos ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg_sbtcentos 1 3 0 wz--n- 99.51g 0
No free space on the VG. So add another disk to the VG:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# vgextend vg_sbtcentos /dev/sdb
No physical volume label read from /dev/sdb
Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created
Volume group "vg_sbtcentos" successfully extended
Check space has been added:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg_sbtcentos 2 3 0 wz--n- 100.50g 1020.00m
Check current swap size:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1878 523 1354 0 28 184
-/+ buffers/cache: 310 1568
Swap: 4031 0 4031
Turn off the swap device:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# swapoff -v /dev/vg_sbtcentos/lv_swap
swapoff on /dev/vg_sbtcentos/lv_swap
Resize the LV that the swap lives on:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# lvresize -L +512M /dev/vg_sbtcentos/lv_swap
Extending logical volume lv_swap to 4.44 GiB
Logical volume lv_swap successfully resized
Recreate the swapspace on the extended swap LV (note the UUID has changed, if you use UUID in /etc/fstab you'll have to amend accordingly):-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# mkswap /dev/vg_sbtcentos/lv_swap
mkswap: /dev/vg_sbtcentos/lv_swap: warning: don't erase bootbits sectors
on whole disk. Use -f to force.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4653052 KiB
no label, UUID=3e5bd2cf-048e-4c8b-a631-a00ef6a5664a
And turn the swap device back on:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# swapon -va
swapon on /dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_swap
swapon: /dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_swap: found swap signature: version 1, page-size 4, same byte order
swapon: /dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_swap: pagesize=4096, swapsize=4764729344, devsize=4764729344
And finally, show the new swap space:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1878 523 1354 0 28 184
-/+ buffers/cache: 310 1568
Swap: 4543 0 4543
Alternatively, if there's spare space on an LV it could be reduced and allocated to the swap LV. See here http://linuxscrapbook.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/reduce-lv-and-file-system.html
[root@sbt-centos ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg_sbtcentos 1 3 0 wz--n- 99.51g 0
No free space on the VG. So add another disk to the VG:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# vgextend vg_sbtcentos /dev/sdb
No physical volume label read from /dev/sdb
Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created
Volume group "vg_sbtcentos" successfully extended
Check space has been added:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg_sbtcentos 2 3 0 wz--n- 100.50g 1020.00m
Check current swap size:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1878 523 1354 0 28 184
-/+ buffers/cache: 310 1568
Swap: 4031 0 4031
Turn off the swap device:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# swapoff -v /dev/vg_sbtcentos/lv_swap
swapoff on /dev/vg_sbtcentos/lv_swap
Resize the LV that the swap lives on:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# lvresize -L +512M /dev/vg_sbtcentos/lv_swap
Extending logical volume lv_swap to 4.44 GiB
Logical volume lv_swap successfully resized
Recreate the swapspace on the extended swap LV (note the UUID has changed, if you use UUID in /etc/fstab you'll have to amend accordingly):-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# mkswap /dev/vg_sbtcentos/lv_swap
mkswap: /dev/vg_sbtcentos/lv_swap: warning: don't erase bootbits sectors
on whole disk. Use -f to force.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4653052 KiB
no label, UUID=3e5bd2cf-048e-4c8b-a631-a00ef6a5664a
And turn the swap device back on:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# swapon -va
swapon on /dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_swap
swapon: /dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_swap: found swap signature: version 1, page-size 4, same byte order
swapon: /dev/mapper/vg_sbtcentos-lv_swap: pagesize=4096, swapsize=4764729344, devsize=4764729344
And finally, show the new swap space:-
[root@sbt-centos ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1878 523 1354 0 28 184
-/+ buffers/cache: 310 1568
Swap: 4543 0 4543
Alternatively, if there's spare space on an LV it could be reduced and allocated to the swap LV. See here http://linuxscrapbook.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/reduce-lv-and-file-system.html
Monday, February 3, 2014
Resize swap Logical Volume
Check existing swap size:-
# free -m
# cat /proc/swaps
Disable swapping for the logical volume:-
# swapoff -v /dev/vg_001/lv_swap
Resize the LVM2 logical volume as required:-
# lvm lvresize /dev/vg_001/lv_swap -L +2G
Make the LV a swap drive:-
# mkswap /dev/vg_001/lv_swap
Enable the swap:-
# swapon -va
Check the new size of the swap:-
# free -m
# cat /proc/swaps
# free -m
# cat /proc/swaps
Disable swapping for the logical volume:-
# swapoff -v /dev/vg_001/lv_swap
Resize the LVM2 logical volume as required:-
# lvm lvresize /dev/vg_001/lv_swap -L +2G
Make the LV a swap drive:-
# mkswap /dev/vg_001/lv_swap
Enable the swap:-
# swapon -va
Check the new size of the swap:-
# free -m
# cat /proc/swaps
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